Algorithms and Programming II.

Syllabus

1. Introduction to the C language syntax and procedural programming principles. (History and relevance of the C language. Basic structure of a C program. Fundamental concepts of procedural programming. Comparison with other paradigms.) 2. The source structure of a C program. Comments, headers, and code blocks. (Syntax rules – variables, operators, block structure. Declarations vs. definitions. Style and readability of the source code.) 3. The compilation process and key characteristics of the C language. (Compiler, linker, Makefiles. Compilation stages – preprocessing, compiling, linking. Memory-level access and system-level programming characteristics.) 4. Input and output in C using stdio.h. (Usage of printf, scanf, formatted input/output, working with console input/output. Debugging tips for I/O operations.) 5. Control structures in C. Conditional branching and loops. (if, switch, while, for, do...while. Logical operators. Practical examples of conditional logic and repetition control.) 6. Arrays and strings. One-dimensional and multi-dimensional arrays. Character strings. (Declaration, initialization, indexing. Basic operations on arrays. String manipulation using the string.h library. Algorithmic use cases.) 7. Pointers and dereferencing in C. Working with memory addresses. (Concepts: address, reference, dereference. Pointers to variables, arrays, and functions. Understanding the link between arrays and pointers.) 8. Functions in C – declaration, definition, and calling. (Function structure, return values, parameter passing. Call by value vs. call by reference. Code modularity and reuse.) 9. Recursive functions in C. (Definition and use of recursion. Classic examples: factorial, Fibonacci numbers. Stack behavior in recursive calls. Comparison with iteration.) 10. User-defined data types – typedef and enumerated types (enum). (Motivation for custom types. Type aliases, use of enums for readable and structured code design.) 11. Structures and structure variables. Complex data types. (Definition and use of struct. Nested structures and pointers to structures. Modeling complex entities in programs.) 12. Type casting and operand compatibility in expressions. (Implicit and explicit casting. Consequences for expression evaluation. Solving type mismatch issues in arithmetic and logic expressions.) 13. Working with disk files in C. File input/output. (Functions: fopen, fclose, fprintf, fscanf, fgets, fputs. Reading and writing in text and binary modes. Data persistence to files.)