Tax Systems

Syllabus

Consultation: Tax systems in the world. Basic characteristics and principles of taxation. US tax system. Tax systems in selected EU countries and their comparison with the tax system of the Slovak Republic. Principles of international taxation. Classification of income and policy of their taxation. Methods of avoiding double taxation. OECD and UNCTAD model agreement and double taxation treaties. Taxation of economic entities of the Slovak Republic abroad. Taxation of foreign entities in the Slovak Republic. Trends in international taxation - tax competition and tax harmonization. Bases of international taxation in the conditions of globalization. Tax cooperation in the world, multilateral tax centers of the OECD. Exchange of information by international experts. Information technologies and their impact on changes in taxation. E-commerce and its taxation. International tax planning, tax havens and offshore companies. Tax avoidance, tax evasion. Multinational companies, application of taxation of multinational companies. Specifics in the field of transfer pricing. Taxation of virtual currencies. Cryptocurrency, virtual currency, resp. digital value carrier. Cryptocurrencies from the perspective of the Income Tax Act. Environmental taxes from an EU perspective. Energy taxes. Transport taxes. Pollution taxes Self-study: Assignment of topics for semester works. Application of treaties and methods of avoiding double taxation on practical examples. Methodology of creating a model contract between OECD and UNCTAD. Methods of application of international tax laws in the field of tax agreements using global tax standards and forms of cooperation in tax policy. Transfer pricing methods using the principles of independent relationship and usual prices (traditional methods, transactional profit methods and combined methods). Application of the method of comparable profits, return on investment capital and allocation of global profits on practical examples from practice. Application of international tax laws in the field of tax agreements and valuation of transfers. Specific problems of transfer pricing. Forms of electronic commerce and methods of its taxation on specific examples. Selected problems of greening tax systems (taxation of natural resources). Application of taxes on international trade to solve specific cases from practice. Analysis of tax incentives, forms of international tax competition and application of the process of tax harmonization of EU countries. Tax aspects of international transactions and international tax evasion. Practical examples of the principles of international tax planning. Methodology and procedure for stablishing tax havens and offshore companies in practice. Tax cooperation in the world, principles of functioning of multilateral tax centers OECD - practical examples. Taxation of virtual currencies. Analysis of current approaches to taxation from the perspective of the Slovak Republic and other selected countries. Environmental taxes. Practical examples from around the world.